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What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a serious infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus.

In 2009, about 38,000 people became infected with hepatitis B.

Each year about 2,000 to 4,000 people die in the United States from cirrhosis or liver cancer caused by hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B can cause:
Acute (short-term) illness. This can lead to:

loss of appetite

tiredness

pain in muscles, joints, and stomach

diarrhea and vomiting

jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)

Acute illness, with symptoms, is more common among adults. Children who become infected usually do not have symptoms.
Chronic (long-term) infection. Some people go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Most of them do not have symptoms, but the infection is still very serious, and can lead to:

liver damage (cirrhosis) liver cancer death

Chronic infection is more common among infants and children than among adults. People who are chronically infected can spread hepatitis B virus to others, even if they don’t look or feel sick. Up to 1.4 million people in the United States may have chronic hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis B virus is easily spread through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. People can also be infected from contact with a contaminated object, where the virus can live for up to 7 days.

A baby whose mother is infected can be infected at birth;

Children, adolescents, and adults can become infected by:

contact with blood and body fluids through breaks in the skin such as bites, cuts, or sores;

contact with objects that have blood or body fluids on them such as toothbrushes, razors, or monitoring and treatment devices for diabetes;

having unprotected sex with an infected person;

sharing needles when injecting drugs;

being stuck with a used needle.